Commonly Used Terms

American Psychological Association (APA): An association that has developed standardized methods for citing sources used in research. They have also formulated guidelines for citing electronic sources. The bibliography, found at the end of the text, is called References. The APA method does not use endnotes or footnotes, but instead uses parenthetical citations.

Bibliography: An alphabetical list of books and other sources used in writing a work. It is placed at the end of the text. MLA guidelines call this Works Cited. APA guidelines call this References.

Documentation: Supplying exact references to the sources of authoritative information used to support your research, statements or hypotheses.

Electronic Source: Information found on computer software, computer and information services, and on-line sites such as: FTP (File Transfer Protocol) sites, WWW, MOO's, MUD's, Gopher sites and e-mail.

Endnotes: Numbered citations in the text that are keyed to citations placed at the end of the chapter, with complete bibliographic listings at the end of the text.

Footnotes: Numbered citations in the text that are keyed to citation notes place at the bottom of the page with bibliographic listings at the end of the text.

Modern Language Association (MLA): An association that has developed standardized methods of citing sources for research. They have also formulated guidelines for citing electronic sources. The bibliography, found at the end of the text, is called Works Cited.

Parenthetical Citations: Author's name and page numbers placed in text in parentheses, with full bibliographical data in a list at the end of the text.

References: Term used by APA to refer to Bibliography or Works Cited.

Turabian: A system of writing term papers, theses and dissertations developed by Kate L. Turabian. The sources listed at the end of the text is called a Bibliography.

Works Cited: Term used by MLA to refer to Bibliography or References.